Both ships met ignominious ends. "//securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"; Did you know? Monitor and its adversary, the Confederate ironclad C.S.S. After repairs, she returned and rejoined the others. Congress and setting her on fire off Hampton Roads in southeastern Virginia. The other two ships were the rather conventional. During the two-day engagement, USS Minnesota shot off 78 rounds of 10-inch solid shot; 67 rounds of 10-inch shells with 15-second fuse; 169 rounds of 9-inch solid shot; 180 9-inch shells with 15-second fuse; 35 8-inch shells with 15-second fuse and 5,567.5 pounds of service powder. Newport News, Norfok, and Portsmouth, VA | March 8, 1862. The body of water before you, named Hampton Roads, is one of the world's biggest, deepest, natural harbors. Its commander, Franklin Buchanan, was the only full admiral in the Confederate Navy during the Civil War. Two of her crew were killed, and more were wounded. Federal Identification Number (EIN): 54-1426643. Designed by Swedish engineer John Ericsson, the vessel had an unusually low profile, rising from the water only 18 inches. Six weeks later, a salvage company raised the ship and the Confederates began rebuilding it. And I'm sorry dad, no, I'm not making this up! [27] Trials showed that these rifles firing solid shot would pierce up to eight inches of armor plating. Although he had orders from (Union) Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles to move his ships to Northern ports, he refused to act until April 20, when he gave orders to scuttle the ships in the yard and destroy its facilities. [20][21] The use of armor remained controversial, however, and the United States Navy was generally reluctant to embrace the new technology. if (sourcesToHideBuyFeatures[i] == source) })(); The Virginia and the Monitor were not the first ironclad warships. 134178; Anderson 1962, pp. Ohio Civil War Central: Encyclopedia of the American Civil War. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. [82] However, while the design proved exceptionally well-suited for river combat, the low profile and heavy turret caused poor seaworthiness in rough waters. After an hour of unequal combat, the badly damaged Congress surrendered. It is formed at the mouths of the James, Nansemond and Elizabeth Rivers and empties into the Chesapeake Bay. // page settings Merrimack, a 40-gun frigate launched in 1855. HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. She retreated into the safety of Confederate-controlled waters off Sewell's Point for the night,[55] but had killed 250 enemy sailors and had lost two. Ironclads and Big Guns of the Confederacy by John M. Brooke. As the combat between ironclads was the primary significance of the battle, the general verdict is that the overall result was a draw. And I know what little I've known . Abraham Lincoln had agreed for the first time since the start of the war to meet with representatives of the South. It was commissioned on February 25, 1862, and arrived at Chesapeake Bay just in time to engage the Virginia. Later tests conducted after the battle showed that if the Monitor had used 25lb or 30lb gunpowder charges that its 11-inch guns would have punctured the Virginias hull with relative ease at close ranges. Michael Schenker I pushed my ragged mouth against the mirror. !function(){function n(n,t){var r=i(n);return t&&(r=r("instance",t)),r}var r=[],c=0,i=function(t){return function(){var n=c++;return r.push([t,[].slice.call(arguments,0),n,{time:Date.now()}]),i(n)}};n._s=r,this.csa=n}(); Like his antagonist Jones, Greene was deemed too young to remain as captain; the day after the battle, he was replaced with Lieutenant Thomas Oliver Selfridge Jr. Two days later, Selfridge was in turn relieved by Lieutenant William Nicholson Jeffers.[72]. [42], At this time, the Union Navy had five warships in the roadstead, in addition to several support vessels. a[a9] = { We hope that these ten interesting facts will help expand your knowledge and appreciation of this important Civil War naval battle. The Battle of Hampton Roads, also referred to as the Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack (rebuilt and renamed as the CSS Virginia) or the Battle of Ironclads, was a naval battle during the American Civil War. The crew instantly took to their boats and landed. It is reported that it will take about ten years for the metal to completely stabilize. Hampton Roads - World's Greatest Harbor Marker. window.Mobvious.device_type = 'mobile'; About OCW. } googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); (function () { [80] Confederate advocates can counter, however, by arguing that Virginia had a military significance larger than the blockade, which was only a small part of the war in Tidewater Virginia. This simple weapon, altogether similar to what one would have found on a Roman Trireme or Ottoman Galley, devastated the USS Cumberland. It was fought over two days, March 8-9, 1862, in Hampton Roads, a roadstead in Virginia where the Elizabeth and Nansemond rivers meet the James River just before it enters Chesapeake . Monitor and the Merrimack (C.S.S. Monitor and the Merrimack (C.S.S. The ships did not fight again, and the blockade remained in place. The name of the warship that served the Confederacy in the Battle of Hampton Roads has been a continuing source of confusion and some contention. [57] "All on board felt we had a friend that would stand by us in our hour of trial," wrote Captain Gershom Jacques Van Brunt, Minnesota's commander, in his official report the day after the engagement. throw new Error("could not load device-specific stylesheet : " + err.message); Welles appointed a commission, which became known as the Ironclad Board, of three senior naval officers to choose among the designs that were submitted for consideration. Rally around the flag, boys, rally once again. Compared to other Civil War battles, the loss of men and ships for the Union Navy would be considered a clear defeat. After viewing a white flag above the stricken USS Congress, Franklin Buchanan ordered that the Congress be taken as a prize. She also imposed other constraints on the Peninsula Campaign then being mounted by the Union Army under General George B. McClellan, who worried that she could interfere with his positions on the York River. ", implying a Union victory, while Confederate media focused on their original success against wooden Union ships. At the best facility, the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, building engines from scratch would take at least a year. A = p.createElement(s); Neither ship was seriously damaged, but the Monitor effectively ended the short reign of terror that the Confederate ironclad had brought to the Union fleet. Although it did not produce a conclusive result, the battle is considered historically important, since it was the first time that ironclad warships had met in battle. Deogracias, Alan J. [91], Because of Monitor's advanced state of deterioration, timely recovery of remaining significant artifacts and ship components became critical. Karen Witemeyer I was a great student. This telegram spread panic throughout Lincoln's cabinet. These had been outfitted with rams and some iron plating. }, Monitor was tiny compared to the Virginia, at only 172 feet long. Show your pride in battlefield preservation by shopping in our store. [92] The statue features a stylized male nude allegorical figure on water between two iron cleats. Requiring upwards of 800 tons of iron, there simply was not that much iron available. [48], Ramming Cumberland nearly resulted in the sinking of Virginia as well. [63] Stodder was knocked unconscious and taken below, where it took him an hour to regain consciousness. "ObfuscatedMarketplaceId": "A1PQBFHBHS6YH1" The three men were Captains Joseph Smith,[31] Hiram Paulding, and Commander Charles Henry Davis. Fort Monroe was one of three major forts in seceded states that were still held by the Union; the others were. }); Our FREE Virtual Teacher Institute is the can't miss online educator event of the summer. }; Unfortunately for the Confederates, Union soldiers on shore nearby knew or cared little for naval tradition and fired upon the exposed officers and men. [14] They also held a small man-made island known as the Rip Raps, on the far side of the channel opposite Fort Monroe, and on this island they completed another fort, named Fort Wool. During its battle with the USS Monitor the next day, the Virginia sought to employ its ram, not knowing that this weapon now lay at the bottom of Hampton Roads. setDisplayBids: function() {}, Images (0) Videos (0 . var cookies = document.cookie.split('; '); googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; The armor of both ships proved adequate. [67], Confederate Secretary of the Navy Stephen Mallory wrote to Confederate President Davis of the action:[68]. [53], Although she had not suffered anything like the damage she had inflicted, Virginia was not completely unscathed. Per the well-established norms formed during the Age of Sail, it was customary for a defeated ship and its captain to formally surrender to their victorious counterparts. Project Team; Contribute; Support; . The remains of the ship were found upside down 16mi (26km) off Cape Hatteras, on a relatively flat, sandy bottom at a depth of about 240ft (73m). a[a9]._Q.push([c, r]) window.csa("Events")("setEntity", { Because the blockade was unbroken, Norfolk was of little strategic use to the Confederacy, and preliminary plans were laid to move the ship up the James River to the vicinity of Norfolk. var cookiePair = cookie.split('='); Battle of Hampton Roads 3g01752u.jpg 1,736 1,229; 957 KB. "The Engagement at Fort Darling" A.src = t; They were transported back to Hampton Roads to the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia, where they were treated in special tanks to stabilize the metal. The day of the wooden ship was over, wit. While much attention has been focused on the near bloodless duel between the Monitor and Virginia on March 9, 1862, the action between the Virginia and the US Navy on the preceding day was a far bloodier affair. [2], Later during the battle, Acting Master Louis N. Stodder and officers Stimers and Truscott were inside the gun turret, discussing the course of action. In part, this was because each was handicapped in her offensive capabilities. 1. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("resource", "author_177344"); document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(stylesheet); Between the U.S.S. The report will be read with deep interest, and its details will not fail to rouse the ardor and nerve the arms of our gallant seamen. [49][50], Buchanan next turned Virginia on Congress. Despite the many technological innovations that were on display during the Battle of Hampton Roads, one of the most lethal weapons employed was a large, 1,500lb iron ram attached to the bow of the Virginia. Impressed by the ease with which Virginia had sunk Cumberland, naval architects began to incorporate rams into their hull designs. Ericsson was afraid that using the full 30 pounds of black powder to fire the huge cannon would raise the risk of an explosion in the turret. return true; [51] While the surviving crewmen of Congress were being ferried off the ship, a Union battery on the north shore opened fire on Virginia. On March 8-9, 1862, Confederate forces attempted to break a powerful Union naval . In early 1860, the ship was decommissioned for extensive repairs at the Gosport Navy Yard in Norfolk, Virginia. [56], The United States Navy's greatest defeat (and would remain so until World War II) caused panic in Washington. 1 ironclad damaged. Convinced that Virginia was quitting, with orders only to protect Minnesota and not to risk his ship unnecessarily, Greene did not pursue. "The Battle of Hampton Roads: A Revolution in Military Affairs. U.S. Army Command, 6 June 2003. The duel ended indecisively, Virginia returning to her home at the Gosport Navy Yard for repairs and strengthening, and Monitor to her station defending Minnesota. Its presence meant that the guns could not fire directly forward, and it was isolated from other activities on the ship. Armor would provide the edge. [5], The battle received worldwide attention, and it had immediate effects on navies around the world. googletag.pubads().setTargeting("author", [177344]); The Monitor went down in bad weather off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, at the end of the year. Because of her deep draft and the falling tide, however, Virginia was unable to get close enough to be effective, and darkness prevented the rest of the squadron from aiming their guns to any effect. } Warm greetings to all. Stodder was leaning against the turret's inside wall when it took a direct hit. The re-modeled ship's offense, in addition to the ram, consisted of 10 guns: six 9in (230mm) smooth-bore Dahlgrens, two 6.4in (160mm) and two 7in (180mm) Brooke rifles. The C.S.S. Lieutenant John Eggleston onboard the Virginia, when asked why his gun crews had stopped firing at the Monitor, stated that [a]fter two hours of incessant firing I find that I can do her [the Monitor] about as much damage by snapping my thumbs at her every two minutes and a half.. googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(true); (See map. Near midnight, the flames reached her magazine and she exploded and sank, stern first. In 1860 the French Navy commissioned La Gloire, the world's first ocean-going ironclad warship. The Confederates covered the ship in heavy armor plating above the waterline and outfitted it with powerful guns. His objective was to cut off Rebel trade with the outside world and prevent sale of cotton, the Confederacy's major export. Virginia put her wounded ashore and underwent temporary repairs. The Monitor had a draft of less than 11 feet so it could operate in the shallow harbors and rivers of the South. As with Virginia, trials found that a full charge would pierce armor plate, a finding that would have affected the outcome of the battle. }); Battle of Hampton Roads poem image.png 1,785 2,163; 121 KB. The Battle of Hampton Roads was a Civil War naval battle that featured the ironclad warships USS ~'Monitor~' and the CSS ~'Virginia~' and occurred off the coast of Virginia on March 8-9, 1862.. "https://":"http://";i+=f?g:k;i+=j;i+=h;c(i)}if(!e.ue_inline){if(a.loadUEFull){a.loadUEFull()}else{b()}}a.uels=c;e.ue=a})(window,document); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); Not even frilly-smelling laundry could tear them apart. [62] However, despite this, as the two Ironclads circled each other during the fight, the Monitor was about to penetrate the Virginias armor, but a misfiring of its weapons caused it to lose the advantage. [74] Consequently, each vessel spent the next month in what amounted to posturing. The Union ironclad had been rushed to Hampton Roads in hopes of protecting the Union fleet and preventing Virginia from threatening Union cities. [39] In his absence, leadership fell to his second in command, Captain John Marston of USSRoanoke. Both days of the battle attracted attention from almost all the world's navies. //]]> One of the wounded was Captain Buchanan, whose left thigh was pierced by a rifle shot. Soon, however, it was apparent that he had no choice but to fight her. 7177; Tucker 2006, p. 151. [58], The next morning, at dawn on March 9, 1862, Virginia left her anchorage at Sewell's Point and moved to attack Minnesota, still aground. Experiments had been tried with armor during the Crimean War (18531856), just prior to the American Civil War,[19] and the British and French navies had each built armored ships and were planning to build others. The first purpose-built ram in the modern era was the French armored ram Taureau (1863), whose guns were said to have "the sole function of preparing the way for the ram. It differed from the Virginia mostly due to its very low deck. return null; [CDATA[ This simple weapon, altogether similar to what one would have found on a Roman Trireme or Ottoman Galley, devastated the USS Cumberland . g = p.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; [35], The Confederate chain of command was anomalous. What followed has been described as "Monitor mania". But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! [26] The burned-out hull was towed into the graving dock that the Union Navy had failed to destroy. Monitor steamed into the Chesapeake Bay to protect the rest of the Unions wooden fleet, including the U.S.S. On July 11, 1861, the new design was accepted, and work began almost immediately. Porter produced the revised plans, which were submitted to Mallory for approval. It was completed only after the war started, and was then renamed for the general who directed the defense of the region. Just into the second year of the Civil War, the Confederate Navy ship Virginia attacked a group of US Navy ships that were anchored in Hampton Roads, a roadstead off Norfolk, Virginia. Seeing what had happened to Cumberland, Lieutenant Joseph B. Smith, captain of Congress, ordered his ship grounded in shallow water. [citation needed]. The executive officer, Lieutenant Samuel Dana Greene, took over, and Monitor returned to the fight. //]]> During the subsequent conversion process, the plans developed further, incorporating an iron ram fitted to the prow. 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