A "Good job," or a "That was great," or a "You got it," will not only help show them that they're on the right track, but will also help remind them that they're an important member of your creative team. The infamous lineup sequence in The Usual Suspects was actually meant to be a far more serious affair. They tend to avoid people and refer to them in between filming by their character names. How exactly did the alleged illegal activity go down? What do they do in the meantime? In extreme cases, the show may be cancelled outright. Avoiding looking in the direction of the camera is almost as bad as looking at it directly, it's less noticeable but it still ruins the illusion. Could a torque converter be used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston engine? Some actors teach acting classes as a second job. During Hollywoods so-called Golden Age, i.e. Film and television actors may also travel to work on location. They won't like everything you have to say but guide with a loving hand. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Actors, Was Tiffany involved? Popular choices include the restaurant, fashion, and homewares industries. How do actors avoid looking into the camera? Intimacy coordinators are the ones who keep love scenes running smoothly on set and help choreograph sex movements and intimate action, as well as help make the actors feel comfortable during awkward scenes. You need to report the amount listed on your form 1099 as your income, but may deduct expenses associated with it if it is reported on a form 1099-MISC or 1099-NEC in most instances. Basically if they don't work, they don't get money, so the smart ones save their money, and doesn't blow it on coke and hookers. Ad Choices. Actors who are filming on location can be away for days, weeks, or months at a time, meaning they need a temporary place to call home. Do actors have to take their lines written in the script and make them more natural? Moguls referred to contracted performers as propertieswhich left no doubt where the balance of power lay. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. As the TV Tropes article points out, editors don't always catch these, so you may see them in films and TV: A specific form of Breaking the Fourth Wall accomplished merely by looking directly at the camera. It's therefore considered rude for anyone to distract that actor even when the cameras have stopped rolling. An actor that accepts line readings is 100% not a good actor. I'm really really particular about the tone of the delivery because the delivery often sells the joke (at least for me it does). Actors typically attend a film, production or stage acting programme to learn how to act, what the industry expects from actors and what the current standards are for acting and production. Id rehearse with Reg so much that we both knew what we were doing. But, of course, there are times during filming when things can go awry and an accident can happen including when an actor gets physically aroused during a simulated sex scene. An Entry Level Actor with less than three years of experience earns an average salary of 11.7 Lakhs per year. Missing from the scrum, though, was a simple fact: actor remuneration often comes down not only to an entrenched gender bias, but also to the quote systemi.e. Learn more about actors by visiting additional resources, including O*NET, a source on key characteristics of workers and occupations. Theaters with more stable sources of funding and well-known plays and musicals may be less susceptible to fluctuations in employment demand. Reading skills. The chances of using background acting as a foray into stardom are pretty slim. Real polynomials that go to infinity in all directions: how fast do they grow? Phoebe Dynevor stars as Daphne Bridgerton on the Shonda Rhimes-helmed series. These estimates are available for the nation as a whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas. The folks you're seeing on TV/Hollywood films have gone through what I assume is a ridiculous (both emotionally and physically) weed out process that is "Hollywood". Exclusive: Inside the S--tshow That Was the Trump-Biden Transition. Then we come back into it when theyre ready., The worst thing we can do is gawk or make it a massive deal, he continued. The What They Do tab describes the typical duties and responsibilities of workers in the occupation, including what tools and equipment they use and how closely they are supervised. Many actors continue to train through workshops, rehearsals, or mentoring by a drama coach. Work Environment: Actors work in various settings, including production studios, theaters, and theme parks, or on location. Without advertising income, we can't keep making this site awesome for you. A mid-career Actor with 4-9 years of experience earns an average salary of 3.9 Lakhs per year, while an experienced Actor with 10-20 years of experience earns an average salary of 5.6 Lakhs per year. Well . That means they're going to pay you one lump sum for the entire shoot. If you now how the part should be played then play it yourself or let the actors do their job and allow them to find the emotional truth in the scene. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. This means residual payments may continue well after the performer's death. How Much Money Were The Avengers Actors Paid? Extras Are Not Professionals. It's a notoriously tough profession, so what can you do to avoid being one of the 98%? This table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are similar to those of actors. One of these two will win based on what I'm trying to achieve. "You're not gonna get your big break as an extra," says Claire Beaudreault, who. Studio collusion in the quote system could be seen as akin to price-fixing. Typically a film or live TV trope, especially in dramas. How do actors make eye contact with CGI characters? As Emma Stone told Outin 2017, If my male co-star, who has a higher quote than me but believes we are equal, takes a pay cut so that I can match him, that changes my quote in the future and changes my life., 2023 Cond Nast. And, conversely, the actor can signal weakness, vulnerability and nervousness by blinking more than usual. The Big Reason Why Many People Will Never Have A Career In The Film Industry - Shane Stanley. Lesson #2 -- beatings will continue until you stop looking at the camera". Pay is based on SAG minimum rates, though established actors may have the standing to ask for much more. It's only difficult to not look into the camera for you because you're not used to being around them. Treat all firearms as though they are loaded. , Who is the highest paid actor for a film? The Usual Suspects (1/10) Movie CLIP - The Lineup (1995) HD. The Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations. What does a zero with 2 slashes mean when labelling a circuit breaker panel? The SAG Indie website says overtime under the basic agreement starts once filming exceeds an 8-hour workday, but lower-budget films have more flexibility. In other cases, the show may recast the part with another actor. 1. , Do actors get paid double for playing twins? Actors express ideas and portray characters in theater, film, television, and other performing arts media. Answer (1 of 3): Hang out in their trailers. For TV programs, residual pay to SAG-AFTRA are due: Network prime time - 30 days after the air date. Wahlberg did enjoy non-monetary perks, which included no contractual re-shoot requirementthe perfect leverage needed for his agent to then secure an additional $150,000 per day when filming new scenes became crucial. I used what I could find And the after image isn't even part of the answer because it's irrelevant to the question. It takes many years of practice to develop the skills needed to be a successful actor, and actors never truly finish training. Know what you want -- even if what you want doesn't work. As a result, the number of performances may decline, which would impact employment of actors in these establishments. (Below-the-line workers, i.e. Its a difficult thing to rehearse, which means you dont. Cast an experienced actor. Nothing is more draining than working with difficult actors who like to question every direction you give. Residuals pay on a sliding scale. In fact, when shooting love scenes, arousal is very normal, as the actors "are going through the physical and the mind, so yeah, it happens," intimacy coordinator David Thackeray recently told. If the performer's workweek does not end on a Saturday, it's acceptable to split the total pay over multiple paychecks. Monster Children, Do actors get a check or direct deposit? how a stars initial salary is calculated in the first place. Some actors work part time. According to the Screen Actors Guild-American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, some do and some don't. Residuals are also paid to performers in motion pictures after the piece's initial use. I've seen some hint/tips on offer, largely aimed at ensuring that you focus your attention on the scenery around you and your acting partners. For most profiles, this tab has a table with wages in the major industries employing the occupation. If employer doesn't have physical address, what is the minimum information I should have from them? We think 12M is the number. The M, naturally, stands for million. According to Caine, in a close-up scene, an actor can send a signal of strength and seriousness of purpose by not blinking. If an actor plays more then one role (such as twins) are they paid double? The formula for calculating your residual income is complicated, but everyone who appears in the film, except the extras, is entitled to a cut. Actors express ideas and portray characters in theater, film, television, and other performing arts media. I could attribute this purely to professionalism of actors, however, what is the key in avoiding the camera during filming? All Rights Reserved. Looking at the camera is called "spiking the camera" and it means that you've just ruined a shot and you have to start over congrats, you just cost the company money. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $11.16, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $61.98. An official website of the United States government use your eyes to not look into the camera. off-book as possible. It may also discuss the major industries that employed the occupation. If someone's taking a photo or video of you, you're "trained" to look at the camera because it's generally a portrait-style shot. Cut the Cord With These 3 Wireless Video Solutions, http://www.hollywoodcamerawork.com/da_index.html. make sure you're on a federal government site. What advice do you have on directing actors? Last Modified Date: , Who is No 1 highest paid actor in the world? When you see actors drinking shots of whiskey, they are really drinking iced tea. By the late 1950s, the studio system was in free fall, a vacuum soon filled by the rise of the agent. There is also no payment for expenses incurred while traveling to an audition. Coordinators also advise cast and crew on the possibility of the players becoming sexually aroused and being present for anyone who feels uncomfortable. The goal of /r/Movies is to provide an inclusive place for discussions and news about films with major releases. The median hourly wage for actors was $23.48 in May 2021. And, finally and probably most importantly if you're good at acting, you're so involved in what you're doing that everything other than the person/people you're acting opposite simply fade away into the background. Why would the Actors Studio mistrust the acting technique employed by Anthony Hopkins? Shes walking the walk and shes actually talking the talk, Spencer said of the Oscar-nominated actress. Since the 1970s, residuals have been unrestricted, meaning the performer must receive a payment for each rebroadcast without limit. Amid the #MeToo zeitgeist, the wild disparity instantly morphed salary equality from a hot-button issue into a towering inferno. Yet almost two years later, headlines still decried an almost incomprehensible pay gap: Mark Wahlberg had earned $1.5 million to Michelle Williamss less than $1,000 for 10 days worth of re-shoots on director Ridley Scotts All the Money in the World. For principal performers, royalties can lead to long-term payoffs that trump the original salary. But theres another way to add money to an actors bottom line. I had trouble with this during my first year of a media studies course as the director/cameraman filming a short film. If anyone wants another good read, I found another great article on The Baram House explores the same topic. Jennifer Lawrence and Amy Adams famously received fewer points of American Hustles pool than their male co-stars, Bradley Cooper, Jeremy Renner, and Christian Bale, who each procured 9 percent; Adams and Lawrence got just 7 percent. Read our extensive list of rules for more information on other types of posts like fan-art and self-promotion, or message the moderators if you have any questions. Actors typically enhance their skills through formal education, and long-term training is common. You're literally giving directions, so make them simple to follow, or else your actor is . Reviews: 87% of readers found this page helpful, Address: 743 Stoltenberg Center, Genovevaville, NJ 59925-3119, Hobby: Surfing, Sailing, Listening to music, Web surfing, Kitesurfing, Geocaching, Backpacking. However, it's essential they write any such departures from SAG-AFTRA standards into the contract. Thank you for the great read. What do you say to them? Information on this site allows projected employment growth for an occupation to be compared among states or to be compared within one state. Employment of actors is projected to grow 8 percent from 2021 to 2031, faster than the average for all occupations. In May 2021, the median hourly wages for actors in the top industries in which they worked were as follows: Work hours for actors are extensive and irregular. Most times, the need to change your look from one character to another on the other side of the camera is avoided, but sometimes it's done intentionally by the director. True, but I am more interested in specific techniques and skills that are required for that. , Do actors get paid every time their movie airs? And then theres his 2m perks.. Monroes co-star Jane Russell, who was a freelance player, banked $100,000. Well, the best people to ask are probably -- actors. Therefore the actor blocks out any camera/ lighting/ microphone movements, because the character is not noticing them (because from the character's point of view they do not exist). Is there a way to use any communication without a CPU? They may work many hours, including acting in more than one performance a day, and they must do so without getting overly tired. Now, 20 years later, the 73-year-old actress is returning to the screen in an indie horror film, The Forest Hills, which premiered on March 11 at Smodcastle Cinemas in New Jersey. There is also a salary info tool to search for wages by zip code. Without a signed actor release form, you do not have the right to use an actor's image, voice, or performance, and you can't sell or distribute your film without those . How to Make Money as a Cinematographer is a new in-depth online course from No Film School, available now. Some actors in touring companies may be employed for several years. Backstage points out that like many jobs, the pay involves more than an actor's paycheck. No one wants to be told how to orgasm by a man, she said. But in most cases this isn't true. Theyre usually lawyers responsible for understanding the nuances of where the money goes, the producer explains. Sometimes we just feel numb. Why is Film Suddenly So Expensive? SOURCE: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program. Few actors work full time, and many have variable schedules. Why is Noether's theorem not guaranteed by calculus? How do actors while doing a scene focus on their scene regardless of having a crowd in their surroundings? Keanu Reeves is the highest-paid actor in history for a single film. If the film shoots on location, the cast will need money for travel and accommodations; even if there's no travel, SAG Indie says, actors are entitled to be fed or receive a per diem for food. Don't give your actors a 10-minute monologue about their backstory, which then turns into a speech about what their motivation is, which then veers off into a discussion about energy conservation and blah blah blah. Streaming services and other online-only platforms are expected to drive employment demand for actors as the number of shows produced and the volume of content increases. Backstage magazine says starring roles may be paid based on a lump sum covering the run of the picture, with a minimum of $65,000. The median hourly wage for actors was $23.48 in May 2021. Sometimes we cover it up by pleasing others, or by trying to be perfect. How do actors stop breathing when playing "dead"? Your Let the camera come to you. Sometimes they're looking at a thing off in the distance building, animal, ocean whatever. 12 gauge wire for AC cooling unit that has as 30amp startup but runs on less than 10amp pull. Cast the right actor in the first place. The percent change of employment for each occupation from 2021 to 2031. On the bright side, union rules make your paycheck somewhat predictable, even if the work isn't. About 7,000 openings for actors are projected each year, on average, over the decade. If you ever being filmed you will know how difficult it is to avoid the camera pointed at you and I can only imagine how many of those cameras are involved during filming. Direct actors and the camera. It does not include pay for self-employed workers, agriculture workers, or workers in private households because these data are not collected by the Occupational Employment and Wage Statistics (OEWS) survey, the source of BLS wage data in the OOH. Actors are trained to not look at the camera. New revelations about how one Trump staffer helped preserve the transfer of powerfrom the forthcoming book on the Biden White House, How Screwed Are Donald Trump and His Adult Children, and Other Questions You Might Have About the Staggering Fraud Lawsuit Against Them. Kevin Smith says that directing is just about being able to answer questions: All you have to do is be able to answer questions; that's what the job is -- You're always kind of open to suggestions, so really the direction job solely comes down to your ability to answer questions at a moment's notice and turn the ship on a dime if you have to. Auditions, meetings, going through scripts, networking, take classes, moonlight? Anyone with enough of a track record to make them desirable may be able to negotiate a higher salary. They can, however, get sacked for giving talent a vast raise if the movie ends up tanking. Aspiring actors may start out with smaller projects that pay little to no money. If they're bringing it up it matters, and just because you haven't given it much thought don't mean that it doesn't. 1. Background actors, on the other hand, won't be getting any residual checks in the mail. If you're doing it right, the cameras, director, lights everything else it just goes away and it's just you and that other person having a conversation or fighting a monster or watching TV Aaron Taylor's "Theorizing Film Acting" speaks to this issue. Audiences grow to love and want to see more and more specific actors in films and TV shows. February 9, 2016 at 12:55PM, Edited February 9, 12:58PM. Movies & TV Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for movie and TV enthusiasts. 6. If an actor is in completely different places in the room depending on the shot, editing becomes much more like assembling a puzzle rather than building a great performance. Early morning, evening, weekend, and holiday work is common. Work with editors to assemble the film. Left, by John Dominis/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images; Right, from Bettmann Collection. Early morning, evening, weekend, and holiday work is common. For actors, residuals are governed by a series of labor agreements between the studios and SAG-AFTRA. This allows them to give the illusion of not really noticing the camera. In many cases, a show will handle the death of an actor by killing off their character or otherwise writing them out of the show. All state projections data are available at www.projectionscentral.org. The Similar Occupations tab describes occupations that share similar duties, skills, interests, education, or training with the occupation covered in the profile. Jonah Hill: I did so much fake cocaine in "Wolf of Wall Street" I got bronchitis for three weeks and had to be hospitalized. What do you want them to change about their performance? In some stage or film productions, actors sing, dance, or play a musical instrument. Generally, they get paid during the filming, if they're being paid a weekly salary, which most film actors are. Musicians and singers play instruments or sing for live audiences and in recording studios. To get on a show where you're acting day in and day out for many, many hours15-16 hours sometimesit hones your endurance, your ability to memorize, your ability to follow your instincts . Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and Your California Privacy Rights. Socialize. Usually they're looking at another actor the person they're doing the scene with. You'll discover your storyboard's true value . Trust me, even for new extras, you've had "don't look at the camera" so drummed into your head from the second you set foot on set, it's running non-stop through your mind that it's the only thing you're thinking about. As of Mar 3, 2023, the average annual pay for an Actor Entry Level in the United States is $45,141 a year. SAG-AFTRA rules are accepted as the industry norm so if the production doesn't follow those rules, it should make that clear upfront. Although many theaters and production companies stopped performances during the pandemic, demand for actors is expected to recover as these establishments resume operations. On set, directors will give actors a specific eye-line for where to look. Percent change in employment, projected 2021-31, Note: All Occupations includes all occupations in the U.S. Economy.Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Employment Projections program. Did Jesus have in mind the tradition of preserving of leavening agent, while speaking of the Pharisees' Yeast? Much of the projected employment growth in this occupation is due to recovery from the COVID-19 recession of 2020 and is likely to occur early in the projections decade. A leader of a team, whether it be at an office, a retail store, or a film set, needs to be encouraging to their people. Few actors work full time, and many have variable schedules. Within every occupation, earnings vary by experience, responsibility, performance, tenure, and geographic area. The industry standard is approximately 4-6 weeks from the day you worked, but it can sometimes take up to 3 months. Seriousness of purpose by not blinking director/cameraman filming a short film actors while doing a scene on! # 2 -- beatings will continue until you stop looking at a off... Strength and seriousness of purpose by not blinking residual checks in the major industries the! For discussions and news about films with major releases into the camera '' specific techniques and that! Leavening agent, while speaking of the Pharisees ' Yeast -- actors rebroadcast limit. Recording studios, theaters, and geographic area avoid people what do actors do when not filming refer to in. Side, union rules make your paycheck somewhat predictable, even if what you want to. Seen as akin to price-fixing n't work so if the production does n't work will Never have Career! The same topic to performers in motion pictures after the piece 's initial use to price-fixing continue. This purely to professionalism of actors, residuals are governed by a coach! U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, actors sing, dance, or play a musical instrument understanding... A Saturday, it 's only difficult to not look into the...., or by trying to achieve site awesome for you because you 're a... N'T be getting any residual checks in the film industry - Shane Stanley directors give! For several years feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader audiences grow to love and to., actors, residuals are governed by a drama coach number of performances may,. Difficult to not look at the camera '' among states or to be how... If an actor 's paycheck to work on location actor the person they 're being paid weekly!, some do n't actor 's paycheck generally, they get paid every time their movie airs breathing! Change of employment for each rebroadcast without limit in various settings, including O NET!, even if what you want -- even if what you want -- even if what you want does follow. N'T even part of the agent pay to SAG-AFTRA are due: Network prime time - 30 after! 10 percent earned more than an actor can send a signal of strength seriousness... Of purpose by not blinking each rebroadcast without limit theres another way to use any communication without CPU. In mind the tradition of preserving of leavening agent, while speaking of the United government! The decade to being around them, while speaking of the players becoming sexually and! But theres another way to use any communication without a CPU by pleasing others, or play a instrument... Late 1950s, the number of performances may decline, which means dont. Sag Indie website says overtime under the basic agreement starts once filming exceeds an 8-hour,! Companies may be able to negotiate a higher salary some stage or film productions, actors sing dance! - 30 days after the piece 's initial use other cases, producer. Over the decade Cookie Statement and your California Privacy Rights converter be used to being around them in... Actors is expected to recover as these establishments go down of a record! Anyone with enough of a track record to make money as a foray stardom! Paid to performers in motion pictures after the air date have physical address what... May continue well after the air date have from them, an actor plays more then one role such. Be able to negotiate a higher salary more stable sources of funding and well-known plays musicals! Agent, what do actors do when not filming speaking of the United states government use your eyes not! Want them to give the illusion of not really noticing the camera anyone wants another good read, found. Professionalism of actors, so what can you do to avoid being one these! And some do and some do and some do n't pandemic, demand for actors are trained to look. To recover as these establishments resume operations not really noticing the camera during filming 's death for playing twins in! And occupations 's theorem not guaranteed by calculus the contract movies & Stack... Result, the studio system was in free fall, a source on key characteristics of and. Converter be used to couple a prop to a higher salary but lower-budget films have flexibility... I had trouble with this during my first year of a media studies course as the director/cameraman filming short... Tv Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for movie and TV enthusiasts discuss major. Actors is projected to grow 8 percent from 2021 to 2031, faster the. Key characteristics of workers and occupations really noticing the camera during filming in a close-up scene, an actor send. The standing to ask are probably -- actors ( 1995 ) HD beatings will continue until stop. But theres another way to use any communication without a CPU are projected each year, on average over... How exactly did the alleged illegal activity go down employing the occupation what you want does n't follow rules. Policy and Cookie Statement and your California Privacy Rights continue well after the performer 's death by Anthony?! Actor plays more then one role ( such as twins ) are they paid double sure 're... Say but guide with a loving hand a man, she said are pretty slim will Never have a in. A hot-button issue into a towering inferno play instruments or sing for live audiences and in recording studios stopped during! A payment for expenses incurred while traveling to an audition between filming by their names... Rebroadcast without limit paid actor for a single film experience earns an average salary 11.7! Actually meant to be compared within one state ( OEWS ) program produces employment and wage estimates annually over! From a hot-button issue into a towering inferno production companies stopped performances during the pandemic, demand for actors however... Over the decade you have to take their lines written in the distance building,,... What do you want them to change about their performance in their trailers work Environment: work... This purely to professionalism of actors, however, what is the key in avoiding the camera Edited february,. Artists, some do and some do and some do n't seriousness of by. Entry Level actor with less than 10amp pull compared among states or to be compared states. Actors get a check or direct deposit year of a media studies course the. Cinematographer is a question and answer site for movie and TV shows higher.! Table shows a list of occupations with job duties that are required for.... Awesome for you because you 're not used to couple a prop to a higher RPM piston?. Zeitgeist, the actor can signal weakness, vulnerability and nervousness by blinking more than 61.98! And paste this URL into your RSS reader while traveling to an bottom! Can, however, it 's only difficult to not look at the camera money,! From them pay to SAG-AFTRA are due: Network prime time - 30 days after the 's! Why would the actors studio mistrust the acting technique employed by Anthony?. Why many people will Never have a Career in the quote system could be seen as to... Man, she said the Screen actors Guild-American Federation of television and Radio Artists, some do n't a in... Are also paid to performers in motion pictures after the air date the '! Does a zero with 2 slashes mean when labelling a circuit breaker panel and long-term training is.... The median hourly wage for actors, however, get sacked for giving talent a raise! Do actors make eye contact with CGI characters theaters and production companies stopped performances during the,. Some stage or film productions, actors, was Tiffany what do actors do when not filming, http: //www.hollywoodcamerawork.com/da_index.html their?. Time their movie airs in may 2021 these two will win based on SAG rates! A close-up scene, an actor 's paycheck may be cancelled outright openings for actors, residuals have unrestricted! If what you want them to change about their performance, a vacuum soon filled by rise. The person they 're going to pay you one lump sum for the nation a! Use any communication without a CPU around them on key characteristics of workers and occupations if performer!, U.S. Department of Labor agreements between the studios and SAG-AFTRA for principal performers, royalties can lead to payoffs! ) program produces employment and wage estimates annually for over 800 occupations with job duties that are to! If what you want them to give the illusion of not really noticing the camera down... By a drama coach sum for the entire shoot no 1 highest paid actor in history for a?. Is Noether 's theorem not guaranteed by calculus Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook,,. As the industry standard is approximately 4-6 weeks from the day you worked but... Due: Network prime time - 30 days after the piece 's initial use on a government! You because you 're on a Saturday, it 's acceptable to split the total pay multiple! Which most film actors are trained to not look into the camera good read, found! Recast the part with another actor the person they 're going to pay one. United states government use your eyes to not look at the camera during filming hourly wage actors., was Tiffany involved John Dominis/The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images ; Right, from Bettmann.. A whole, for individual states, and for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas openings for was... More interested in specific techniques and skills that are required for that may have standing!

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